Controversy continues to rage about Central Bank ownership. Most major Central Banks, except for the FED, are publicly owned. However: this is not really important. Control is what matters and Central Banks are the Money Power’s centralized controllers, private or publicly owned.
By Anthony Migchels, for Henry Makow and Real Currencies
The shocking realization that the Federal Reserve Bank is privately owned by its member banks is one of the defining moments in any Truthseeker’s path. Eustace Mullins, coached by the indefatigable Ezra Pound, wrote ‘the Secrets of the Federal Reserve’, listing the banks owning the system. Ed Griffin then infamously plagiarized this book with his ‘the Creature of Jekyll Island’, to push the John Birch/Libertarian poison of the Gold Standard as a solution. We’re still dealing with this today, as seen in the ‘End the Fed’ movement.
The FED itself is now starting to move against its critics, claiming they ARE a Government institution, although partly independent. As Central Banks should be, which is today’s conventional wisdom in the Mainstream.
Here’s some text from the link, from the FED itself:
“The 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks, which were established by the Congress as the operating arms of the nation’s central banking system, are organized similarly to private corporations–possibly leading to some confusion about “ownership.” For example, the Reserve Banks issue shares of stock to member banks. However, owning Reserve Bank stock is quite different from owning stock in a private company. The Reserve Banks are not operated for profit, and ownership of a certain amount of stock is, by law, a condition of membership in the System. The stock may not be sold, traded, or pledged as security for a loan; dividends are, by law, 6 percent per year.”
So while the FED tries to downplay private ownership, it does not deny it. Its stock cannot be traded, but this is not a limitation, it’s a sure way of keeping outsiders out. After all, it’s a club, and we’re not in it.
Furthermore, a dividend of 6% per year is not bad. It depends on the value of the stock, of course.
On the other hand, after paying its shareholders, the Federal Reserve returns what remains to the US Government, so it’s not entirely fair to say that the FED is printing money and then has the State pay interest on it. It paid the State 89 billion over 2012.
Nowadays the situation is even further confused by the fact that people like Tom Woods from the Hate the State crowd openly call Central Banks ‘statist’ operations, messing up the ever so fair ‘free market’ operations of the banks. They will say funny stuff, for instance claiming or implying that Central Banks are responsible for ‘money printing’, their dreaded enemy of ‘inflation’. However, it is the private banks that do by far the most of the money creation. They are the ones lending, after all, and they lend freshly created ‘credit’.
Europe
It becomes even more complicated when we realize that all European Central Banks are completely publicly owned. They are corporations with 100% Government ownership. They do operate as ‘independent’ entities, though. Before the ECB they set interest rates and managed the volume without Government interference. Nowadays this is done by the ECB, which in turn is owned outright by the national Central Banks.
Before the second World War, all European Central Banks were owned privately. But the massive upheaval caused by the Great Depression and the powerful monetary reform movements that shook the Money Power had raised awareness about private ownership of the financial systems of the West and nationalizing the Central Banks was a handy way of diverting this attention. After the war all major European Central Banks became publicly owned.
It is therefore simply wrong to state that Rothschild owns all Central Banks!
This is important, because getting straightforward facts like these wrong is clearly damaging the credibility of conspiracy theorists.
Control vs. Ownership
Central Banks were created by the Banks for the simple reason that Fractional Reserve Banking is incredibly unstable. There is an eternal incentive for the banksters to loan out more than they can cover with fractional reserves, leading to all sorts of destabilizing busts. This was hurting the Money Power’s control over the money supplies of the World and Central Banks were created as ‘lenders of the last resort’: in case of a panic a Central Bank could keep busted banks afloat, maintaining sufficient confidence in the system.
Furthermore, they were useful tools for Sovereign borrowing. The basic contract between Sovereigns and the Central Banks was, that the Central Bank would always provide the State with all the money it would ever need, in return for guaranteed interest payments through taxation.
Also important was the monopoly on national currency that is closely associated with Central Banking. In earlier days, both in Europe and the US, free banking and local Sovereign money created a diverse monetary environment, more difficult to control for the Money Power. By ‘legal tender’ laws their units became the sole accepted way of paying taxes, giving the banking units a massive advantage in the market place. These were the early steps in further and further monetary centralization in ever fewer units, with World Currency as its final goal.
And finally Central Banks have the opportunity to ‘regulate’ banks. This is a simple trick: make regulation incredibly complex and expensive, and it becomes impossible for the vast majority of market players to comply. It’s the same deal as the Pharma maffia has with the FDA: new drugs are so incredibly expensive to test that it is impossible for low cost natural cures to go through the process, as they will never provide the return necessary to cover the cost. Exit competition and another excuse to keep prices artificially high for the cartel.
Conclusion
Public vs. Private is just another dialectic. It matters not whether money is managed privately or publicly. What matters is whether we have stable and cheap (interest-free) money. If a private interest-free Mutual Credit facility can provide it, grand. If Government can do it, fine. A mixture of both is probably the way forward.
Central Banks are a mixture of both: they have public and private aspects. But the bottom line is that Central Banks do the bidding of the Money Power’s banking cartel. They keep competition out of the market. They prop up busted banks, maintaining some kind of ‘stability’. They oversee private usurious credit creation and maintain the banks’ ability to rake in trillions per year in interest. They allow the banks to create the boom/bust cycle.
High time for a new paradigm.
Afterthought:
Several people have brought to my attention that it is simply wrong to state that all major CB’s except the Fed are private: the situation is far more mixed. Some European CB’s are (partly) privately owned and also a major CB like BoJ is publicly traded (and thus privately owned).
However, the basic proposition of the article, that it is wrong to say that Rothschild owns all CB’s and that it’s about control more than it is about ownership, still stands.
Nonetheless, this is an annoying slip, partly explained by the fact by my geographic location: the Dutch CB and the Bundesbank for instance are completely publicly owned.
Related:
The Daily Bell: Usurious Commercial Banking is Good, Interest-Free Government Money is Tyranny
End the Fed: a Trojan Horse destroying the Truth Movement from within
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John Cummings permalink
The Morgans own the Fed with Rockefellers and Warbergs. What they want is public decentralization and private centralization in dialectical terms.
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Dublinsmick permalink
Establishment of a BRICs bank sort of shoots down this idea doesn’t it? An assortment of countries readying themselves to go it alone.
I also read China has over 50% ownership in their central bank. That may not be the case in Russia but the key is they control what it going on with their central bank. This is important.
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adriancracchioloyahoocom permalink
Reblogged this on patient sufferance.
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minglingmike permalink
Glad I’m not the only one saying this.http://banksneedboundaries.wordpress.com/2013/12/22/public-or-private-2 “questions of lesser importance. (…) money today is by its very nature a tool for comingling public and private”
People sense something is amiss, but getting mad and wanting to break something up is not the best frame of mind in which to construct a better system.
You make a great point here. My pleasure to stumble accross this blog! It may interest you that Chomsky said something similar about the Middle Eastern oil. It’s less about owning it, than it is about CONTROLLING.
Personally, I’m 90% creeped out by ANY concentration of wealth. Prefer to approach the story of Rothschilds Waterloo insider-trade through the movie “trading places” (it’s basically the same). Then, we I do stumble accross articles such as this, I’m usually reminded of the time I delivered a parcel to the Rothschild bank/estate/whatever (again: it benefits from fuzzy boundaries) overlooking lake Zurich. Just a clueless bike messenger, the radio said “go to Rothschild”, and I looked up the address. It’s an impressive villa, but also kind of sad because there are no PEOPLE around. Place like that, with a huge park and all…there should be families playing in the grass, music…10% of me just feels sorry for the Rothschilds of this world.
p.s. and don’t forget that Ariane de Rothschild is the next best thing to occupy 😉
http://banksneedboundaries.wordpress.com/2013/06/25/quiztime/
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Anthony Migchels permalink
There is nothing to be jealous of. What has a man won when he has conquered the world but lost his soul?
They are ruled by avarice, lust, powermongering and fear of loss. They are very small people. It’s sad that people actually think they have done well.
The chance of a rich man entering the Kingdom is smaller than a camel going through the eye of a needle.
This is even a much more important lesson to digest than the basics of money.
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Bourchakoun permalink
I don’t think that there is anything wrong with wealth. There are spiritual pitfalls on all levels of the so called wealth – desperate despicable actions from the lower class, envy and fear from the middle class, and also power-lust and avarice from the poor. Spiritual detachment from the fetters of materiality can be obtained by all levels of prosperity.
What is wrong however is actively conning and destroying wealth of all other classes by i.e. combatting interest-free money which would benefit 99,90%. What is wrong is combatting liberating technologies like geomagnetic energy creation. What is wrong is letting people die and even actively killing people under the guise of medicine because you believe in depopulation and higher profits. What is wrong is killing and slaughtering people in order to be able to rule over one piece of land more on this planet.
Healthy detachment from the trappings of life can be attained without giving away all your money like St. Francis of Assissi did. Being wealthy like being highly intelligent are just neutral states – what you do with those talents – that is what matters.
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Bourchakoun permalink
…powerlust from the rich of course…
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pm permalink
In the first 1500 years of the catholic church when usury was regarded as a mortal sin and outlawed by kings, when a mere laborer could work 14 weeks out of the year to provide for his family, there existed a moral law (Jus Pauperum) that one must, after providing adequately for ones family, donate any surplus wealth to the poor. (Michael Hoffman “Usury in Christendom: the Mortal Sin that was and now is not”http://revisionisthistorystore.blogspot.com/2010/03/michael-hoffmans-online-revisionist.html )
To horde what one doesn’t need deprives someone else in want is greed, and affects everyone. Today greed is euphemized as maximizing profits and hording and are considered virtues of business acumen. It’s also why there exists such a vast disparity in income, and why it will only get worse.
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Anthony Migchels permalink
God wants us all to live in abundance. We can own what we need to further the Kingdom.
For instance: a producer of useful goods can own a machinepark.
The problem arises when wealth is sought for its own end. Then serious spiritual problems are automatic, because we simply cannot serve two masters.
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Elizabeth Wesley permalink
But a psychopath has no remorse, he looks after self and the rest better comply, with force if necessary. Apathy of the masses is what gives them the edge.
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treeofdeception permalink
Reblogged this on The Tree of Deception.
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Paul Vonharnish permalink
Hello Anthony and interested readers. This video is a fine introduction to the origins of the current problem. Pardon the quality of the narrator’s voice, and pay close attention to names such as Lord Randolph Churchill, Arthur Chamberlain, Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, the De Beers mining operations at Kimberly South Africa, bank de Rothschild Freres interests in Russian oil fields in 1886. The list of influence is quite impressive…
The house of Rothschild the Money’s prophets
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name789 permalink
if any of the low-life scum that congregates around Ellen Brown and William Still had the courage and the intellectual capacity to look into the ownership of the federal reserve, he might find that little over 50 (fifty) percent of the shares of the 7,700 U.S. commercial banks are held by funds belonging to various government entities (municipal, state, federal) …… my o-dear, oh dear my: governments in the United States are the majority share-holders of the whole banking industry…..
now cock-sucker Ellen Brown peddles her new book, with the concept in it she claims to have invented herself, that it is time for state-owned banks; once again flaunting her own lack of knowledge and proving that she is a charlatan; not knowing that governments already own the banks……
The Stae of North Dakota is not out of debt because of the bank of north dakota, it is out of debt thanks to prudent and frugal management of the State, the State is rich because of oil, and the managers of the State do what with some of the oil money? they make invetsments on wall street (including banks)…….
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which would also mean that those “too big to fail” corporations were/are also owned by funds belonging to government entities
In the past several months the sovereigns of the United States use sovereign credit to pump $80,000million a month into the stock market, to re-flate the market from 6,000 to 14,000……. who owns more than 50% of these stocks which are in this way re-flated ? the same above-mentioned funds belonging to government entities……..
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during Abraham Lincoln’s presidency Franfurt Jews took over the United States (with the full co-operation of Abraham Lincoln, Portland Chase, William Seward, Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner); it appears that government entities (public employees unions, teachers federations included) hold more bank (and other) shares than the Frankfurt Jews……..
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pm permalink
Well, if it isn’t Hank Paulson here to lecture us on honesty and corruption. Have all of your drunken sailor banker friends spent the 27 trillion in taxpayer bailout dollars already? Talk about calling the too-big-to-prosecute kettle black!
If you don’t have links to your incendiary crackpot claims, don’t expect anyone to take you seriously. The Fed is owned privately and makes a profit for their bd of directors/investors. The Governement is their debtor and not visa versa. That is common sense even to idiots.
Everything you said about still and Brown are clearly a sign of your advanced stage tourettes syndrome.
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Paul Vonharnish permalink
Hello pm: Yes. When I see a person using terms like “low life scum”, “cock-sucker”, and the like, I suddenly have a memory crisis: Oh no, another comment I’ll have to delete from memory…
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name789 permalink
bank fury
http://www.yamaguchy.com/images/bankFury.png
who owns bank of america? (one man’s research effort):
http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2013/02/16/who-owns-bank-of-america.aspx
according to the chart, the majority of shares are owned by institutional investors
funds belonging to government entities are institutional investors this could make the Bank of America a government(s) owned bank….. Ellen Brown and the groupies should jump with joy
who ownes JP Morgan ?
http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2013/02/19/who-owns-jpmorgan-chase.aspx
75% institutional investors …… send some more money to Ellen Brown, inventor of government-owned bank concept
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Julian Petkov permalink
name789р, you haven’t provided any links nor “courage and the intellectual capacity to look into the ownership of the federal reserve”. The big banks are just retailers of fed credit which they buy at an interest.
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non domestic permalink
THE MINISTRY OF FINANCE 0f THE NETHERLANDS owns 1/3 of the stock of the Dutch Central Bank aka DNB (LLC). For the owner’s of the other 2/3 of the stocks you need to look at the board of directors. Does the family of Amsberg ring a bell? According to some sources this family is hiding behind a corporation known as QUEEN or KING and let’s not forget one of their other vehicles ‘DE KROON’ or ‘THE CROWN’. The name of a Corporation is written in Capital letters. Why is the DNB registered as a LLC. LLC in itself suggests multiple stockholders / owners.
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stressedoutidealist permalink
UK Financial Collapse: Only Whites Bank Accounts To Be seized. BILDERBERG LEAK:
http://endzog.wordpress.com/2013/06/29/bilderberg-leak-uk-financial-collapse-only-whites-bank-accounts-to-be-seized/
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Chris permalink
Mark Carney: Jewish Seizure Of Britain Continues
http://endzog.wordpress.com/2012/04/18/jewish-seizure-of-britain-continues/
Why are so many finance ministers Talmudic Jews???
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pm permalink
Michael Hoffman’s new book, “Usury in Christendom: the sin that was and now is not” will make all this abundantly clear.
http://revisionistreview.blogspot.com/2013/01/youtube-michael-hoffman-talks-about.html
http://revisionisthistorystore.blogspot.com/2010/03/michael-hoffmans-online-revisionist.html
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Chris permalink
I understand why and don’t need Michael Hoffman’s anything.
Maybe you should read page 51 -52 from WATERS FLOWING EASTWARD
The War Against the Kingship of Christ
by L. FRY
“In 1492, Chemor, chief Rabbi of Spain, wrote to the Grand Sanhedrin, which had its
seat in Constantinople, for advice, when a Spanish law threatened expulsion.2 This was
the reply:
” Beloved brethren in Moses, we have received your letter in which you tell us of the
anxieties and misfortunes which you are enduring. We are pierced by as great pain to
hear it as yourselves.
The advice of the Grand Satraps and Rabbis is the following:
1. As for what you say that the King of Spain 3 obliges you to become Christians: do it,
since you cannot do otherwise.
2. As for what you say about the command to despoil you of your property: make your
sons merchants that they may despoil, little by little, the Christians of theirs.
3. As for what you say about making attempts on your lives: make your sons doctors
and apothecaries, that they may take away Christians’ lives.
4. As for what you say of their destroying your syna gogues: make your sons canons
and clerics in order that they may destroy their churches.
5. As for the many other vexations you complain of: arrange that your sons become
advocates and lawyers, and see that they always mix in affairs of State, that by putting
Christians under your yoke you may dominate the world and be avenged on them.
6. Do not swerve from this order that we give you, because you will find by experience
that, humiliated as you are, you will reach the actuality of power.
(Signed) PRINCE OF THE JEWS OF CONSTANTINOPLE.”
My real indirect question was, why are the solutions provided on this site, always coming from Jews when the problems we face are because of the Jews?
This can only be an attempt to fool people into believing the myth of the “good Jew”.
The only real solution is to get these Canaanite/Edomite children of Satan out of our societies and ship them of to God knows where. Preferably a sinking ship.
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pm permalink
Exactly what “solutions” belonging to what “jews” are you ranting about? This site does no such thing.
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Bourchakoun permalink
Oh Please! As if the Money Power has not sacrificied millions of the “lower brethren” in WWII and even now Jewish Newspapers have reported about the Israel-created Islamist extremists! Israeli people get fleeced the same way economically as everyone else, the young ones are sent to fight “extremists” – meanwhile their bosses are happily funding both sides.
Recently Bill Still made us aware of a real interest free monetary movement in Israel, that is quite close to move for elective political power – we have those examples only in Island and Ireland – and now Israel too!
Here on Israeli monetary movement: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0j3p27Sk5E
Here on Israeli local TV: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nmmz5fwPTeM
Here on Israeli party control via banks: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LdMAX30yH64
Countries like the US, UK or Germany are long away from that stage. The “woken-up”-People in those countries are mostly “free-market-libertarian-Austrian-economists”, gold-bugs or simply do not believe that interest can be that destructive.
Look at what happened to the Piratenpartei – pirate party in Germany. Some very aware people supported it – and now they could rebrand themselves as Green Communist which they are.
We should stop being navel-gazing schmucks and start breaking the meschugge system – together.
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Paul Vonharnish permalink
Erm… It is rather difficult to procure an original translation of the Talmud, but even in its current sanitized state, it defines the Hebrew social depravity and dominant objectives rather well. “Never allow advantage by a gentile”, etc.
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Thomas Christiansen permalink
“It becomes even more complicated when we realize that all European Central Banks are completely publicly owned.”
The Bank of England, Danish Central Bank, and Greek Central Bank are still private corporations being run for profit.
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Communal Award permalink
“Give me control of a nation’s money supply, and I care not who makes its laws.” –Rothschild
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Nixon Scraypes permalink
When the Bank of England was nationalised I presume the owners got something in return.Even the lovely,kind philanthropists of the City would want a few scraps.I believe details of the deal are secret,I’ve certainly seen nothing about it.It’s the secrecy about money that’s the problem.
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Matthew Libman permalink
They got Israel.
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pm permalink
I disagree with your conclusion that it is irrelevant whether banks are public or private. If you are committed to abolishing usury and financial exploitation then you will never do this on a private, for profit business model. From its inception, private banking will attaché a fee to money created from nothing; business cannot operate otherwise. Give this fee a thousand different names and it will still be interest. It will still be usury. Money will still be taxed. Your labors, goods, property will still be bound by unearned rents. And money in ever increasing amounts over time, as profits must be maximized, will be siphoned away from public use into the coffers of financial oligarchs.
Only government can operate a bank without usury. They are not bound by the insatiable business demand to maximize profits. Their only mandate is to ensure that the money in always kept in the country and spent on its citizens. Sure, abuses and waste can occur but they will be immediately recognized as transgressions against the public good. In the private sector the only good is personal avarice and it is thought natural and good that for every winner there must be losers. If you are one of the destitute latter, too bad. Find a charity or …. who cares.
The for profit business model only distorts the incentives of institutions devoted to the public welfare. Take a cursory survey of real world examples to see this more clearly: in banking you have usury and derivatives; in healthcare symptoms are treated with toxic synthetic drugs instead of curing diseases with inexpensive natural supplements and nutrition; in farming you have companies developing toxic gmo crops in order to monopolized the food supply; and the privatization of the prison system has given rise to the creation of more criminal offenses and longer sentences so that the prisons can be kept profitably full.
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Anthony Migchels permalink
Hi pm,
private is not the same as for profit. You can have foundations or cooperative unions with a clear cut charter. They would not face pressures for profit maximization.
I’m coming more and more to the conclusion that the whole public vs. private thing really is a charade.
After all: corporations and governments are both run by people. They’re all organizations.
Quite clearly Bureaucracy is incredibly selfish, even if not profit motivated. Governments all over the world behave like narcissist psychopaths.
Plutocracy has owned Government since the most ancient of times. Just think of the Roman Republic, its history was basically a classwar between the plebs and the patricians. The patricians won, although they themselves had been really replaced by the money lenders, hence the empire.
The question is, who is behind the organization, either private or public, and even more importantly: what is he doing?
The main thing is the decentralization of power. To local communities, individuals. Centralizing power, either within Government or Transnationals, is detrimental, decentralization, to real people, is beneficial.
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pm permalink
I respectfully disagree again, Anthony.
Foundations were created to protect the profits of financial oligarchs from legal scrutiny and taxation. I’m sure you don’t won’t more of this. Cooperative union is just business with a benign visage. Can a coop survive without making a profit? Government can do this easily in hard times by a credit stimulus and always remain faithful to its financial obligations to the people. Coops are subject to economic pressures and not reliable nationally.
Without government you have anarchy obviously. And in deregulated environments only the strongest survive and make the rules. Plutocrats would like a world without nation state governments. It’s what they work for through wars, economic turmoil, and propaganda that government regulation is the problem.
Government is only bad because the private sector controls them through debt. Taxpayer money doesn’t pay the bills, its the private Fed. Nationalize the Fed and that control is gone. Government is just a tool and right now its in the wrong hands, the private sector.
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pm permalink
What make the government bureaucrat so evil is the thought that he using our tax money to build some plutocrat a swimming pool instead of devoting it to a public water works program.
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Anthony Migchels permalink
Whether it’s public or private they have the same problem: people are doing it and there is a concentration of power.
We must focus not on the organizational model so much, but far more on what the functionality is. What we want.
And it’s interest free credit for all, sufficiently available, stable, with decentralized control of who gets the credit, as part of the commons and equitably shared.
I agree that Government could help create the infrastructure, but I’m keen on focusing on the quality of the financial model and I do see a place for independently operating (not for profit), within a larger framework, credit facilities. On regional, local level.
Decentralization of power is a key goal. We don’t want Government to usurp control. It’s probably better than the Banks, but still not good enough.
It’s complicated to visualize all the ins and outs of it, but this is not so much public vs. private, it’s more about what is actually needed in terms of the monetary and how to bring financial sovereignty back to where it belongs: as part of the birthright of all individuals.
And I think that some sort of synthesis of public and private is probably a part of that.
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Struggling Strudel permalink
I wrote this just before I read this article but I think it stands. Any additions will be obvious:
“I will dare to chance my arm at explaining that yes, the Federal Reserve is a privately owned institution that is a kind of hybrid in the way it operates both as a government regulator and private monopoly. However, as far as I can find out, Central Banks like the Reserve Bank of Australia are owned by the Government in that the Government gets a dividend paid to them by the bank on a periodical basis. Whether there are owners other than just the Australian Government I cannot find out but I suspect there are not. (but others are according to what I have just read)
I think the trick lies in the fact that the Greenback is the lubricating oil between the central banks that makes them whir as gears in one big Machine controlled by the Fed who controls the Greenback creation process.
The nexus of Power with these institutions is as far as I can see centralized AND decentralized in as much as even though the decisions on monetary policy are made by groups such as the Tri-lateral commission, Bilderberg, and the CFR, people like Glen Stevens of the RBAj must make sure all the ‘ducks are lined up’ with the domestic Governments spin-doctors/Government Ministers for their schemes to run hidden and seamless within the camouflage of the Australian Governments Budget strategy.
These people are truly organized and regimented but only because their playbook is written with the blood and suffering of our forbears who knew their game better than we have (up till now so maybe there may be an alternative to what is coming.) but the Central Bank scam was still pulled off.
The alternative will have to be where the medium of exchange is valued at nothing and created for lending without interest. Then it will be productivity that will show value and create wealth, not speculation on money markets.
OK, I’m ready for any counter-factual arguments! I’d even consider faint praise as a positive!
Peace all.”
I agree Michael, it’s not about ownership. It’s about control.
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Struggling Strudel permalink
Oops! Sorry Anthony! Stuffed up badly there! Embarrassing, I must say!
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Paul Vonharnish permalink
Hello Anthony: You commented: ‘The main thing is the decentralization of power. To local communities, individuals. Centralizing power, either within Government or [the] Transnational, is detrimental, decentralization to real people is beneficial.’
This is quite clear and concise. Thank you. The further we can distance our social order from the NWO centrist agenda, the more stabile and potentially prosperous the local endeavor.
It is nice to find retreat from the bloodbath of your page regarding Hitler’s financial situation and German usury. Yikes!
In another comment you state: “We must focus not on the organizational model so much, but far more on what the functionality is. What we want.”
Yes, exactly. My sense is that the organizational model should be directed by the wish for a functional result. The model we have already applied with great vigor and failure is to establish the financial organization before we have deduced the purpose of doing so. The proverbial cart (blanch) has been put before the function of the horse, so to speak.
My compliments on your many blog pages, and respects for your difficult endeavor. Bravo!
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Anthony Migchels permalink
Thanks Paul, it’s nice to get concrete feedback, especially when positive.
Pfieuw, such mayhem!!
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Greenbacker84 permalink
Truth is we don’t need a ‘bank’ public or private to control the issuance of our money.
All they do is launder and republish our own promissory notes/contracts which are backed by our labour and production. All we need is a national non-profit accounting system to merely publish and retire our contracts (MPE). The issuing power belongs to the people
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pm permalink
A public bank doesn’t launder money unless it charges interest. Interest free fiat is just medium for goods, services and labor.
Who exactly will operate this national accounting system without profit (e.g., usury in some form)? Individuals from the private sector? Some new business priestly class? Business people will never be satisfied with the public good as an incentive and ultimate end.
The Fed and/or Dept of treasury can do the job you describe once the tie to the private sector is severed: interest.
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Greenbacker84 permalink
Again, we don’t need any ‘bank’ to launder our contracts whether public or private. We simply need a national accounting system (Common Monetary Infrastructure) to merely publish evidence of our contracts and retire principal.
Under MPE the CMI has a level of government oversight, but they do cont control the volume of money circulated (we do) nor do they pretend to lend our own money to us as a public bank would. The state can also issue its own contracts using the CMI at no interest and retiring principal alone (infrastructure spending eg).
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Paul Vonharnish permalink
Hello pm: I appreciate your above comments, yet find the “banking” problem is very much related to public disclosure of were and how currency valuation is being traded. Karen Hudes (introduced on another of Anthony’s pages) has been thumping on the lawful accounting and disclosure issues since about May of this year. She’s totally correct to do so, yet I think she’s being a bit naive about how to force proper compliance.
This current UBS situation is another piece of the last 100 years worth of accountings puzzles, and why 1% of America’s population owns over 40% of apparent net worth. The man behind the curtain seeks to remain behind the curtain, and Oz is bleeding all over the place, and this ain’t a new situation at all.
At 5:30 into the video we are introduced to the notion that NO ONE is to know who the clients are of “foundations”, yet UBS opted to turn over 52,000 examples of willful tax evasion by clients that USB had themselves > illegally solicited on US soil. This style of solicitation is a point of law, and punishable under international banking regulations. Who’s zooming who?
Later at 8:45 into the presentation, we are introduced to an issue concerning a bail out fund costing $50 Billion US dollars of Federal Reserve monies in order to secure the “failing” UBS bank on Swiss soil. Failing? Oh please… WTF? In the second segment of the presentation, we are introduced to some very pertinent questions being asked, regarding the “traditional” secrecy laws enjoyed by the UBS bank, and other tax haven banks. Why should “secrecy” remain a policy formula in modern banking practices? The NSA in the United States can look up the size of the underwear I purchase, yet they can’t do a goddamn thing about tracking down tax evaders. Give me a break.
Inside Story-Swiss bank secrecy under pressure-24 Feb-Part 1
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pm permalink
I think you discovered the problem. If the private fed banking cartel owns the government through perpetual usury debt, then all of the law enforcement and regulator agencies work for them. And should their breaking of the law be so egregious that this isn’t sufficient to keep them out of trouble, they can order their servants in congress to rewrite the laws that they’ve broken.
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Paul Vonharnish permalink
Exactly! People complain about the welfare system and our waxing into “socialism” when governments have been a welfare state for over 200+ years of covert banking and corporatism.
Freedom and justice for all – who can afford it…
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Paul Vonharnish permalink
Hello pm: Your focus on the profit/Prophet) motive is exactly the issue. Why is it that everyone is fixated by the unreachable and mystical goal of adequate profit? We keep stumbling toward some financial ecstasy that will only disappoint. It is time for people to shuck off the delusion that financial profit detached from a measurable physical benefit, is even a valid concept.
The entire basis of this method is hopelessly flawed, and I can only speculate that either the purveyors of this method are mentally impaired, or dangerously insane.
Let’s boil the currency matter down to a very simple example: If I have been remunerated for some physical work which provided another with a direct benefit, such as having a new roof over their heads, I may opt to secure this profit within a bank for safe keeping, or I recirculate this currency back into the economy by hiring another to perform some task that I myself am unable to perform. I may spend it on the food that a farmer produced. Purchase a car or additional tools of my trade. Contract a collage or tutor to educate my daughter. I may even just gift it to a friend. (I know this is a strange concept)
Once this currency is “spent”, it does not mean the value of my labors suddenly became worthless. It only means that this currency produced a measurable profit by way of mutual benefit, and will continue to do so as long as that currency remains in circulation.
A friend of mine once stated that saved money is dead money. In other words, money is worthless when it is taken out of circulation, and only becomes valuable once again when placed back into productive use. Saving money for a gain in value due to compounding interest didn’t interest him at all. In fact he felt that all “interest” motive was a perversion of currency valuation. These are very simple concepts, and physical utility of purpose should be the common goal of currency creation.
Instead we have a financial system based on manipulation of a mirage on some distant horizon, and some illusion that we can make it real if we manipulate the value into reality. The banking system has created an enormous shell game, wherein there is no pea under the shell no matter how delusional they have made the populace. Usury and “lending” mechanisms for financial gain are hopeless, if there is no direct association to a physical benefit. This idiocy is costing society much more than poverty of intellect.
The Earth has become a plundered radioactive cesspool, yet we still have people living in abject poverty and starvation. In my opinion, it is high time to take the “bankers” and looters out of our expressions of social benefit. They do not belong in the positions we have allowed them. Prophecy should consist of creating a functional physical exchange of endeavors and mutual social benefit within a constructive political framework. Otherwise our expectations of success and measurements of value will remain sadistic delusions.
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marxbites permalink
The problem is NOT the charging of interest on lent risk capital. Its a perfectly normal and MORAL way to get today what one prefers to not have to save for in full first to obtain later.
OTOH, shylock’s money from nothing created from thin air as debt fiat money PLUS interest IS THE immoral non-voluntary problem; as there can never be enough money created to EVER pay off the debt.
Combining the exponential growth of the debt this creates, with the debasement of the currencies globally is a double whammy of deceit and pure theft.
NOW, add in the opportunity cost injuries upon the [theft of] masses to the above insults, and we see these systems of fiat for what they have truly reaped, am entire globe drowning in indebtedness to shylock.
This is why shylock stole our commodity monies gold & silver in exchange for their scrip from thin air plus interest.
BTW, for some hair raising insights, watch Eric deCarbonnel’s youtube videos re: the ESF & CIA.
note: Eric is the grandson of Frank Vanderlip so one must weigh the possibilities of his motive being a FED coverup by blaming the ESF/CIA.
OTOH, it was shylock who perfected his own global spymaster system which became the Mossad, CIA & Brit MI’s. The economic hitmen of the nations they purse-string puppeteer.
What I have been afraid to blog about: The ESF and Its History_Part 1
I’d love to get several folks feedback on this one.
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Pol permalink
“It becomes even more complicated when we realize that all European Central Banks are completely publicly owned. They are corporations with 100% Government ownership. ”
This is not true at least for your neighbour country Belgium where the national bank is 50% privately owned.
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Bourchakoun permalink
It is also funny, when professional traders realize that central banks are private. Any trader knows that by the simple knowledge of advance steps of central banks you can easily become a billionaire. Nevermind the free cash received by your bank! That also makes it clear that the owner families are way beyond being bellionaires. That is petty cash to them.
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pm permalink
The only thing the public owns in the ECU is the debt. They even have a constitutional amendment stating that the ECU can demand any amount of money from the taxpayer in order to keep them solvent.http://webofdebt.wordpress.com/2012/04/18/the-european-stabilization-mechanism-or-how-the-goldman-vampire-squid-just-captured-europe/
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REN permalink
Hello Anthony,
Nice article. I’m not sure about the 6% guarantee to the private holders of reserve stock. During periods of inflation I believe it was adjusted above 6%.
In other words, reserve stock holders are guaranteed profits, regardless of any current economic conditions. There is also plenty of room for slush funds with “set asides”, thus enabling nefarious activities.
Anytime humans do things privately, and in the dark, bad things will happen. The same applies to government, when things are done for selfish political or economic gain, and in secret, bad things will happen. Witness the recent NSA spying on citizens, all of which could be foreseen by the patriot acts secretive provisions. Austrian drivel ignores this aspect of humanity, and pretends private actors are angels.
http://www.dandelion-books.com/support-files/money_facts.pdf
Here’s a quote from Wright Pattman, entry 92:
92. How much of the Federal Reserve earnings must be returned to the
Treasury?
No law or regulation specifies how much of the Federal Reserve’s earnings must be returned to the Treasury, but in practice the Federal Reserve spends all of the income it cares to spend, pays dividends to member banks on their “stock” and sets aside a large amount as “surplus.” The remainder is then returned to the Treasury. It usually returns an amount several times the
amount of its expenses.
Here’s a quote from the FRB:
http://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/section7.htm
(a) Dividends And Surplus Funds Of Reserve Banks.
Stockholder Dividends.
In General. After all necessary expenses of a Federal reserve bank have been paid or provided for, the stockholders of the bank shall be entitled to receive an annual dividend of 6 percent on paid-in capital stock.
Between Pattman and the FRB’s comments, I see wiggle room. The term “shall” and “entitled” are weasel words for setting a minimum guaranteed profit.
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Anthony Migchels permalink
knowing how they operate this would not at all surprise me REN.
The question what the stock is worth is key. I wasn’t able to establish it easily.
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Paul Vonharnish permalink
REN: You commented: “Anytime humans do things privately, and in the dark, bad things will happen.”
I disagree. I’ve gotten screwed to great satisfaction many times whilst in the dark. Sorry. Couldn’t help myself. Carry on…
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usurykills permalink
@marxbites
Interest-free loans are not “free money printed out of thin air” but simply monetization of collateral.
The money represents (is backed by) real wealth in the real world. As the debt is repaid, the money is destroyed. This keeps an automatic balance on the value of a “dollar.” No inflation at all.
What I describe is the basis of Mathematically Perfected Economy(tm) and will likely be how things work whenever we finally enter an age of monetary reason.
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marxbites permalink
So then what’s wrong with the asset based silver and gold, America’s const’l legal tender NEVER yet amended away, that was our linchpin of liberty from KGIII and his shylock creditors?
Which Hamilton quickly squelched with our 1st BankUS thus giving evil the upper hand once again.
Which Jefferson killed, the war of 1812 brought back, which Jackson then killed and payed off the Nat’l debt the 1st and last time in all American history.
Lincoln said he’d two enemies; the South in front and banksters behind, and of which the banksters rep’d the greatest threat. [Of course banking was then nationalized to the benefit of shylock once again.]
And for the anti-shylock Czar who placed his warships on both coasts as preventive against England, France, etc entering into the shylock created divide and conquer CW, shylock eventually took care of his resistance to central private banks as retribution for aiding Lincoln, a criminal in his own right aside from the money issue. note*
ALL WARS ARE BANKERS WARS, just as Lysander Spooner’s 1867 essay “No Treason…” elucidates beyond refutation in section XVIII.
http://lysanderspooner.org/node/64
*note: Those “evil” Czars BTW killed only 500 people in the last 100 yrs of Czarist Russia, iows about 5 per year, whilst shylocks boys Wilson, Stalin, Churchill, Mussolini & FDR killed millions, and made billions, for their masters.
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usurykills permalink
Great article. I am generally ignorant of how things work in Europe and thank you for the background information.
You are right that control is more important than ownership. The bankers don’t technically own my government, but…
It is the interest that makes control of banking dangerous for private or public interests. The Austrians just won’t stop cheating one another when it comes to money. There should be fair and free access to “monetize” your own collateral.
Interest-free loans for all, not just Ben’s friends!
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Anthony Migchels permalink
Oh, they do technically own your Government usurykills: the US Fed Govt is a corporation. A private corporation.
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Greenbacker84 permalink
Its a good article but completely evades the issuance of our promissory notes, claiming banks ‘create’ our credit. They create nothing by first steal and merely republish secondary evidence of our promissory contracts. MPE established this 40 years ago, I cant understand why almost all the truth movement are still pushing the banker ‘inflation’ and ‘thin air’ memes. The inflation we see is price inflation (caused by interest) and volumetric deflation (again caused by interest).
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Larry permalink
Anthony wrote:
Well said. Why do we borrow all of our money from a private banking cartel that has no money? We are free to create the money ourselves (nation state) without incurring any debt to any other entity – no collateral or encumbrances needed. Congress has the constitutional power to issue money right away – separate from auditing or ending the Fed. No need to wait.
Damon Vrabel explained:
Above the Central Banks, at the top of the NWO financial kingdom sits the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) which is owned by shareholders. It operates in secret and often against the interests of its client nation states.
The privately owned Federal Reserve along with the other 14% private owners combine for a controlling interest of the all powerful mega bank – the BIS.
Four private banks collectively own just over 50% (controlling interest) of the Federal Reserve stock (Bank of America, JP Morgan Chase, Citigroup and Wachovia/Wells Fargo). And the top 10 banks, own over 68% of the stock. Basically, 10 “too big to fail” banks control the monetary policy of the United States and inexplicably, the Federal Reserve regulates its owners in a colossal conflict of interest.
The all-powerful New York Branch of the Federal Reserve is at the center of the network as that is where monetary policy and market manipulations take place. The New York Fed controls the interest rate and the money supply through open market operations. They also manipulate markets through the Plunge Protection Team and Maiden Lane. Wall Street Banks; including JP Morgan Chase, Citigroup and Goldman Sachs; are the majority shareholders of the New York Fed.
Georgetown history professor Carroll Quigley explained the international banking cartel plan for taking over nation states in moving towards global governance under their financial tyranny in Tragedy and Hope; A History of the World in Our Time, 1966:
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name789 permalink
Larry the leech changed his spots, again, from the end the fed clenched fist to the sovereign dollar of Lucy Liu the bard of Mao…… 🙂
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Paul Vonharnish permalink
Hello Larry: Very well presented. Thank you. You may find it interesting to note the persons who reside or own property at 740 Park Avenue.
Park Avenue: money, power and the American dream
740 Park Avenue in New York city, is home to the wealthiest and most influential group of power brokers the world has ever known. Yet most Americans continue to believe they’re living in a democratic utopia.
Private property rights? Human rights? Access to health care? A survivable wage? Education? America is all about freedom and justice for all – who can afford it.
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Larry permalink
Paul Vonharnish – Thanks for commenting on my post.
Enjoyed your video and I concur, the distribution of wealth is skewed towards “class” inequity in most nations – the top 1% holds over 40% of the nations wealth (US). And, it is getting worse as the rich get richer and the middle class is becoming poor.
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Paul Vonharnish permalink
Thanks Larry. As Robin would say: Holy shit Batman!
This chart is the best one I’ve seen thus far. Not to worry. The Congress just refloated the debt ceiling, so we’re all much richer than yesterday…
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Bourchakoun permalink
Of course the Big Families have learnt throughout the centuries, that direct ownership and direct leadership can be dangerous. The 19th century was called the age of Rothschild, because they were still out in the open very much. Though over time they learned – if possible, to never figure as an owner (control through anonymous ownership of foundations, investment funds, corporations and banks). Another point is that being a ruling royalty or a ruling politician makes you responsible for peoples’ problems. Ruling in the shadows is by far superior.
What is more seperior? Owning a piece of land yourself, or have a government agency declare it a “green zone” and pay for its upkeep while giving you a sole “exclusive” permission to live on the land? THEIR system is now beyond ownership, which is not a good sign indeed….
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John Cummings permalink
“owning” land is a government enterprise and service. “green zones” can be good for a land owner, especially if said land is not desirable to own. Alot of the west is this way.
It is like a 60’s radical telling you: The government falls, so does money and property, true equality and a free for all.
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Natasha permalink
Shame that marxbites advocates metal as money, but ignores David Graeber or Micheal Hudson’s anthropological analysis (amongst many others for the last century or so) that metal money is associated with war, empires (states) and power at the top: do you own a gold/silver mine? According to these scholars it is a fact that money as credit accompanies periods of peace, equality, and prosperity far more than metal ever has.
Its also absurd to replace that which is being exchanged with an ‘equal value’ (i.e. a commodity such as precious metal), rather than simply record the fact a transaction has taken place, i.e. keeping a tab. Replacement of value guarantees scarcity disconnected from economic reality. Credit is created by economic activity just as sun casts shadow.
So the real question is who benefits. Does the bank care if you pay interest in gold or paper? Do you have to rent out your tab entries? Clearly the profits from the money system must become part of the commons. And having to rope in metal mines and stock markets to the commons is yet another reason why metal as money faces such ridiculous hurdles.
Credit is simply data, far easier to control for the commons than metal. As such metal as money is a stupid idea unless your rooting for – or are – the Private Money Power, who already control it as commodity. Why give it to them as money as well?
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Anthony Migchels permalink
I think David Astle is also a good antidote against Gold Buggery. He makes pretty clear how the Money Power originated from those owning Gold mines……..
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Paul Vonharnish permalink
Natasha: Bravo! Well said.
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Paul Vonharnish permalink
Hello Natasha and readers: You might enjoy this little diversion into how the gold standard met with the scarecrow. Dorothy is still wishing for home, but naughty people keep blowing it up…
http://www.youtube.com:80/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=7qIhDdST27g
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marxbites permalink
“Central Banks were created by the Banks for the simple reason that Fractional Reserve Banking is incredibly unstable. There is an eternal incentive for the banksters to loan out more than they can cover with fractional reserves, leading to all sorts of destabilizing busts. This was hurting the Money Power’s control over the money supplies of the World and Central Banks were created as ‘lenders of the last resort’: in case of a panic a Central Bank could keep busted banks afloat, maintaining sufficient confidence in the system.”
The SIMPLE reason is THEFT by inflation, and money created from this air WITH interest.
Such a deal of privilege that ALL other businesses would LOVE govt to give them one too!
The LOAN (creation) of FREE money creates BOOMS FIRST, in case you were unaware. Once all the malinvestments are made, and seen unsustainable, they are liquidated, ie. the BUST!!!
THIS is the heart and soul of Austrian Economics, the Austrian Business Cycle Theory or ABCT.
Auditing the FED and Ft Knox is job #1.
Repudiate ALL the illegal debts, repossess all the nation’s gold back from shylocks, and back the outstanding paper money with whatever gold/silver can be gotten back or exists, and let the paper money value fall where ever the chips may.
Markets, not PEOPLE in POWER, should control money.
Repudiating the National Debt
http://mises.org/daily/1423
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pm permalink
If I had a million dollars for every Austrian that said that the national debt should be repudiated (other than yourself), I would still have to work for a living. Austrians believe that the debt should be paid by gouging it out of the lives of the working classes and the poor. I’ve never heard a economist or pol maintain otherwise. You can see this merciless austerity in Greece as well as plans for liquidation of retirement and personal accounts. It’s all a healthy economic process, they say; deflation resets the market. Too bad if millions can’t survive.
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Anthony Migchels permalink
absolutely.
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Bourchakoun permalink
Good one – pm.
And of course those debts can never realistically be repaid, unless you sell off everything and also get all real assets taken away. Now Italy has starting selling it’s islands: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2272281/Island-Budelli-sold-2million.html.
Agenda 21 clearly states that private property is not wanted for the common man and it wishes to attain that goal by 2050. How did the Austrians think that this would be attained?
Greece’s newly issued bonds had an interest rate of over 40% at one time and are even now impossible to attain for any state. The whole system is a scam and it should be solved in the same way – let a new central bank print them a few 100-billion-notes and give it to them in an envelope.
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pm permalink
you’re right, who would have thought that our demise would arrive at the auction blocks. The Austrians aren’t alarmed because they believe that any economic transaction is as good as another.
As long as the government isn’t imposing regulations, a marketplace for human misery and disenfranchisement is just fine by them.
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Paul Vonharnish permalink
pm: The Austrians may be utilizing the “stock” market method of puts, holds, selling short, and all the rest of the investment formula for successful “trading”.
I attended an investment seminar waaaay back in 1978, wherein the representative company had been using mainframe computers to track market histories of various stock exchanges for years. Their database had retraced every public offering since the market crash of 1929. They could forecast markets movement out decades, just based on the demographics of population trends, expected birth rates in various sectors, and so forth.
Keep in mind that this was not even a large investment house, and it was 1978. I would speculate that higher level brokering has played the ups and downs of the market place with consistent advantage, regardless of which way the market was moving at any given time. The New York stock exchange is little more than a profit-weighted casino. The small time investor is a small fish flailing in a hungry shark tank.
My belief is that “corporatism” is at the core of all basic financial maladies, and should be banned from the human agenda forever.
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Paul Vonharnish permalink
According to the goals of the United Nations Agenda21, and persons of the quality of Bill Gates, massive collective starvation is a wonderful spector to behold.
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Paul Vonharnish permalink
Hello pm: You may find this video of some interest or value. Perhaps even debt free…
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rduanewilling permalink
Government is the money. The issue is “who controls the government?” Just a thought. Rduanewilling
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marxbites permalink
He who controls the money controls the govt.
As spoken by a Rottenshield himself.
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Greenbacker84 permalink
rduanewilling ,
The people are the wealth of the nation. They create money via promissory obligations to each other and well as their labour and production.
The government facilitates the banks to steal our labour and production, launder our promissory contracts into their possession and charge us interest.
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marxbites permalink
High Time for YOU, Anthony, to ACTUALLY READ at LEAST ONE of Rothbard’s voluminous works, and get yer head outa statism’s ass re: money.
NO ONE can be trusted to be in control of money as per our Founder’s DIRECT experience w/KGIII’s massive debts to shylock that sent him to the colonies for his revenue fix.
OUR Gold & Silver monies were FINE with the sole exception of bimetallism, an easy fix.
Prices, over the LT, dropped slowly with gains in productivity as per the NORM in FREE markets and DESPITE bank nationalization of the CW era.
Austrians are NOT stooges of the corporate state, eg concentrated power elites that live above the law, yet you seem to want to be one in letting MORE statists control the money.
Just as we have natural rights to our lives, liberty and property superior to any state whatsoever, we have a natural right to trade with whatever media we please.
Man’s nature already chose the most efficient universally accepted money there ever was, gold and silver. Banksters stole it away. The SAME banksters Rothbard had railed against his entire Austrian career.
So dear Anthony, take the challenge and quit believing the statists who HATE free market war hating Austrians. They are NOT the people’s enemies, they are the Banksters WORST nightmare.
READ THIS LITTLE BOOK!!!!!!!!!
________________________________________________________________________
When this gem first appeared in 1963, it took the form of a small paperback designed for mass distribution. We’ve conjured up that spirit again with this special edition of Rothbard’s primer on money and government.
Innumerable economists, investors, commentators, and authors have learned from this book through the decades. After fifty years, it remains the best book in print on the topic, a real manifesto of sound money.
Rothbard boils down the Austrian theory to its essentials. The book also made huge theoretical advances. Rothbard was the first to prove that the government, and only the government, can destroy money on a mass scale, and he showed exactly how they go about this dirty deed. But just as importantly, it is beautifully written. He tells a thrilling story because he loves the subject so much.
The passion that Murray feels for the topic comes through in the prose and transfers to the reader. Readers become excited about the subject, and tell others. Students tell professors. Some, like the great Ron Paul of Texas, have even run for political office after having read it.
Rothbard shows precisely how banks create money out of thin air and how the central bank, backed by government power, allows them to get away with it. He shows how exchange rates and interest rates would work in a true free market. When it comes to describing the end of the gold standard, he is not content to describe the big trends. He names names and ferrets out all the interest groups involved.
Since Rothbard’s death, scholars have worked to assess his legacy, and many of them agree that this little book is one of his most important. Though it has sometimes been inauspiciously packaged and is surprisingly short, its argument took huge strides toward explaining that it is impossible to understand public affairs in our time without understanding money and its destruction.
What Has Government Done to Our Money?
https://mises.org/document/617/What-Has-Government-Done-to-Our-Money
Preface by Jörg Guido Hülsmann
I. Introduction by Murray Rothbard
II. Money in a Free Society
1. The Value of Exchange
2. Barter
3. Indirect Exchange
4. Benefits of Money
5. The Monetary Unit
6. The Shape of Money
7. Private Coinage
8. The Proper Supply of Money
9. The Problem of Hoarding
10. Stabilize the Price Level?
11. Coexisting Moneys
12. Money-Warehouses
13. Summary
III. Government Meddling With Money
1. The Revenue of Government
2. The Economic Effects of Inflation
3. Compulsory Monopoly of the Mint
4. Debasement
5. Gresham’s Law and Coinage
6. Summary: Government and Coinage
7. Permitting Banks to Refuse Payment
8. Central Banking: Removing the Checks on Inflation
9. Central Banking: Directing the Inflation
10. Going Off the Gold Standard
11. Fiat Money and the Gold Problem
12. Fiat Money and Gresham’s Law
13. Government and Money
IV. The Monetary Breakdown of the West
1. Phase I: The Classical Gold Standard, 1815-1914
2. Phase II: World War I and After
3. Phase III: The Gold Exchange Standard (Britain and the United States) 1926-1931
4. Phase IV: Fluctuating Fiat Currencies, 1931-1945…
5. Phase V: Bretton Woods and the New Gold Exchange Standard (the United States) 1945 1968
6. Phase VI: The Unraveling of Bretton Woods, 1968-1971
7. Phase VII: The End of Bretton Woods: Fluctuating Fiat Currencies, August-December, 1971
8. Phase VIII: The Smithsonian Agreement, December 1971-February 1973
9. Phase IX: Fluctuating Fiat Currencies, March 1973-?
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